Abortion Is A Way For Women - 1726 Words

Kellsey Lodahl Abortion is Ethical Abortion is a way for women, or couples, to make the best decision they can for themselves and the unborn child if they are not ready to bring a child into the world. Allowing termination as a legal and ethical option lets women know they still have a choice when their world is turned upside down. The choice to abort a pregnancy allows women to remain in control of their bodies and makes women one step closer to becoming equal to men. I argue that it is ethically permissible for women to choose to have abortions because when a woman is considering abortion, she must think of her rights as a human being and exercising those rights, that she is not a murderer for aborting her unborn child because the fetus†¦show more content†¦Having abortion as a right allows women to make fully autonomous decisions which is an example of their basic and moral right. This is an illustration of Zwolinksi’s Autonomy-Exercising choice, where one cannot intervene in someone’s auto nomous decision because it is a completely independent decision (691). Abortion is also a positive right because the service is the termination of pregnancy. Tying back to women having rights and control of their own bodies, abortion gives women the rights they deserve. Having the right to have an abortion is essential for gender equality, â€Å"without control over their own reproductive lives, women couldn t be the equals of men† (Abortion). Making abortions available to all women closes the social classes between women, equalizing their gender in hopes of equalizing women and men. When women become pregnant, they are granted pregnancy rights; abortion rights should be entwined with pregnancy rights so women are aware that they always have the option of termination. Abortion is ethically acceptable because it is women exercising their rights, something our country advocates for everyone. Choosing to exercise women’s rights for abortion shows that terminating a pregnancy is not considered murder, rather it is an autonomous choice. In order for a crime to be classified as murder it would need to fit within the six criteria that that Dr. Robert

Competency, The, And The Diversity Of The Student...

Competency 2: The teacher is aware of the diversity of the student population and provides instruction that is appropriate for all students. In Chapter 3, â€Å"Focusing the Reader† of Deeper Reading, Kelly Gallagher provides pre-service teachers with a greater understanding of the importance of frontloading students with background knowledge of readings. She explains through an anecdote that prior knowledge leads students to be â€Å"better prepared to read more, to comprehend more, and to learn more† (26). Without prior knowledge, students are unable to understand and retain information as well because, as Gallagher explains, it â€Å"helps you attach meaning when reading the passage† (27). Teachers should gauge students’ prior knowledge to the text before beginning with a unit to understand how to teach their students in a more meaningful manner. There are two key elements that Gallagher points out, through the reading of David Sousa, in how to frame information for students: â€Å"†¦be certain that today’s curriculum contains connections to their past experiences, not just [the teacher’s]†¦ [And] how a person feels about a learning situation determines the amount of attention devoted to it† (28-29). These two points mean that: a teacher must connect students to personal experiences in order to bring to light universal issues in a text that they may not necessarily connect with on their own, and a teacher must be able to show purpose in the text that is â€Å"valid and worthwhile† (29) for theShow MoreRelatedCodes of Ethics Comparative Chart Essay872 Words   |  4 Pagesï » ¿University of Phoenix Material Codes of Ethics Comparative Chart Instructions Human services professionals often need to make ethical decisions when providing support to clients. Research the organizations in the chart below. Websites for the organizations can be found in Ch. 1 of Issues and Ethics in the Helping Profession. Complete the following tables to compare several organizations and their guidelines about their responsibilities to their clients, their responsibilities toRead MoreRecommendation Of Strategic Diversity Plan Essay1735 Words   |  7 Pagesand Parents, As superintendent of the Dollarway School District I am pleased to announce the Strategic Diversity Plan that our diverse committee has outlined for the forthcoming school year. The intent of this plan is to create a work environment that is consistent with the communities we serve as well as developing a curriculum that will give our teachers a unique perspective and our students a better education-competitive to our neighboring school districts. With the open mind from our facultyRead MoreThe Education System Of Polk County Public Schools1370 Words   |  6 Pagesbook adoption, finance, to diversity just to name a few. I hold two masters degrees in education; which has afforded me the knowledge and wherewithal to prefect my craft. Demographics of District Polk county public schools consist of 63 languages spoken, representing 151 countries. Nearly 11,000 students speak Spanish, 720 speak Haitian Creole and 100 speak Arabic language. In this school district 39 percent of students’ ages 0-17 live below the poverty line(â€Å"Diversity Management†, 2012). UnfortunatelyRead MoreRacial, Ethnic And Economic Isolation Through Curriculum Based Programming Essay1559 Words   |  7 Pagesprovided by Farmingville Elementary School in Ridgefield, Connecticut is a representative sample of this type of programming: Farmingville students participate in a number of age appropriate activities throughout the year designed to develop their awareness of, understanding and appreciation of all individuals who are not exactly like them. All students in Farmingville Elementary School are taught in the RESPONSIVE CLASSROOM model. RESPONSIVE CLASSROOM is a time tested and research validatedRead MoreTeaching About Technology Within Nursing Programs888 Words   |  4 Pagesto include Informatics competencies in all nursing school curriculum. Both U.S. accrediting bodies supported this position and updated their recommendations accordingly. Several grants are now able to advance faculty development programs to integrate the teaching about technology within nursing programs† (TIGER, 2008). Faculty development is essential for educational institutions to identify and implement for their teachers to be ready to design curricula particularly for the future needs. At theRead MoreLanguage Modes2364 Words à ‚  |  10 Pagesparticularly important area in teacher education, since listening, speaking, reading, and writing permeate the curriculum; they are essential to learning and to the demonstration of learning in every content area. Teachers are charged with guiding students toward proficiency in these four language modes, which can be compared and contrasted in several ways. Listening and speaking involve oral language and are often referred to as primary modes since they are acquired naturally in home and communityRead MoreLack Of Communication For Adult Learners1645 Words   |  7 Pagesinsufficient English language proficiency, a lack of communicational and listening skills may result contributing factors to comply with the survival needs among elderly immigrants. A debate has lingered recently by researchers on how the available ESP instruction can be beneficial to address adult learners’ goals and needs by building proper speaking and listening skills. Insufficient English may become a critical component for not seeking medical help by immigrant elders who try to save face by avoidingRead MoreHp Value Chain Analysis1389 Words   |  6 PagesLibrary Assignments X Oral Presentations X Class Discussion X Make-Up Policy Students with Disabilities Students with Disabilities: Students who have a disability that may require assistance or accommodation, or students who have questions related to any accommodations for testing, note takers, readers, etc., please speak with the course instructor as soon as possible. Students may also contact the Office of Disabled Student Services (898-2783) with questions about such services. Tennessee EducationRead MoreThe Values Of The Christian Tradition9036 Words   |  37 PagesChristian tradition, the education faculty encourages students to seek fulfillment in their personal, social, and religious lives. We provide the tools for developing integrity, leadership skills, and the desire to search for truth and knowledge throughout life. We promote critical thinking, effective communication, appreciation of cultural diversity, and we encourage the rejection of bigotry and intolerance. At Bethel, we seek to promote in all members of the university community a constructive participationRead MoreCultural Competency Definitions8081 Words   |  33 PagesCULTURAL COMPETENCY DEFINITIONS – A paper to inform development of Cultural Competency Framework for First Nations and Aboriginal Peoples of British Columbia, Canada Cultural Definitions in health care – what does it all mean? There are many definitions and iterations of culture in health care – all with different meanings but many with overlaps. In order to develop a Cultural competency framework, it will be important for stakeholders to agree on what ‘cultural competency’ means and the differences

Enslavement Timeline 1619 to 1696

Historian Frances Latimer argues that enslavement happened one law at a time, one person at a time. As the American colonies grew throughout the 17th Century, human bondage transformed from indentured servitude to a life of enslavement. Enslavement Timeline: 1619 to 1696 1612: Commercial tobacco is raised in Jamestown, Va.1619: Twenty Africans are transported to Jamestown. They were imported to work as slaves in Great Britains American colonies.1626: The Dutch West India Company brings eleven African-American men to the New Netherlands1636: Desire, the first carrier in the United States to participate in human trade. The ship is built and first sails from Massachusetts. This marks the beginning of colonial North Americas participation in the Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade.1640: John Punch becomes the first documented slave to receive servitude for life. An African servant, John Punch, is sentenced to life after running away. His white friends, who also ran away, received extended servitude.1640: Residents of New Netherlands are prohibited from providing any assistance to fugitive slaves.1641: The DAngolas become the first recorded marriage between people of African descent.1641: Massachusetts becomes the first colony to legalize enslavement.1643: A fugit ive slave law is established in the New England Confederation. The Confederation includes Massachusetts, Connecticut, and New Haven.1650: Connecticut legalizes enslavement.1652: Rhode Island creates laws restricting and then forbidding slavery.1652: All black and Native American servants are mandated to take military training by Massachusetts law.1654: Blacks are granted the right to be slaveholders in Virginia.1657: Virginia passes a fugitive slave law.1660: The Council of Foreign Plantations is ordered by Charles II, King of England, to convert slaves and indentured servants to Christianity.1662: Virginia passes a law establishing hereditary slavery. The law states that children of African-American mothers shall be bond or free according to the condition of the mother.1662: Massachusetts passes a law prohibiting blacks from bearing arms. States such as New York, Connecticut, and New Hampshire followed suit.1663: The first documented slave rebellion takes place in Gloucester County , Va.1663: The state of Maryland legalizes enslavement.1663: Charles II gives North Carolina and South Carolina to slave proprietors.1664: Enslavement is legalized in New York and New Jersey.1664: Maryland becomes the first colony to make marriage between white women and black men illegal.1664: Maryland passes a law making lifelong servitude for black slaves legal. Colonies such as New York, New Jersey, the Carolinas, and Virginia pass similar laws.1666: Maryland enacts a fugitive slave law.1667: Virginia passes a law stating that Christian baptism will not change a persons status as a slave.1668: New Jersey passes a fugitive slave law.1670: Free Africans and Native Americans are prohibited from owning white Christian servants by Virginia law.1674: New York lawmakers declare that enslaved African-Americans who convert to Christianity will not be freed.1676: Slaves, as well as black and white indentured servants, participate in Bacons Rebellion.1680: Virginia passes laws prohibiting blacks--freed or enslaved--from bearing arms and congregating in large numbers. The law also enforces stiff punishments for slaves who try to escape or attack white Christians.1682: Virginia passes a law announcing that all imported Africans will be slaves for life.1684: New York prohibits slaves from selling goods.1688: Pennsylvania Quakers establish the first antislavery resolution.1691: Virginia creates its first anti-miscegenation law, prohibiting marriage between whites and blacks as well as whites and Native Americans.1691: Virginia declares it illegal to free slaves within its borders. As a result, freed slaves must leave the colony.1691: South Carolina establishes its first set of slave codes.1694: The importation of Africans increases tremendously into the Carolinas after rice cultivation is developed.1696: Royal African Trade Company loses its monopoly. New England colonists enter into the slave trade.

pdaf scam in the philippines - 1957 Words

Republic of the Philippines Leyte Normal University Social Work Department Tacloban City Subject: HBSE2: PHILIPPINE SOCIAL REALITIES SOCIAL WELFARE Title: ISSUE ANALYSIS PAPER (PDAF scam) Date Submitted: September 30, 2013 PRIORITY DEVELOPMENT ASSISTANCE FUND (PDAF) I. INTRODUCTION The history of ‘pork barrel’ started way back on 1922, during the American colonial period. The PDAF in its current form was reintroduced on 1986 during Corazon Aquino’s administration with the creation of the Countryside Development Fund (CDF) in 1990, since Ferdinand Marcos blocked or stopped this pork barrel system during his dictatorship. But on Corazon’s administration the budget for CDF was relieve with â‚ ±2.3†¦show more content†¦Janet Lim- Napoles who specialized in trading agricultural products, usually used the funding of agricultural inputs in the propagation of the scam. Either her employees would write to legislators requesting for funds for the implementation of a particular project, then once the DBM received the letter, it will then issue release. A Special Allotment Release Order (SARO) indicating the amount deducted from the legislators PDAF allocation, and later a Notice of Cash Allocation (NCA) given to the recipient agen cy. The NCA would then be deposited in one of the foundations accounts, and the funds withdrawn in request of the JLN Group of Companies. The funds would then be divided between Napoles, the lawmakers, the official of the DA responsible for facilitating the transfer of funds. The JLN Group of Companies offered a commission of 10-15% against funds released to local government units and recipient agencies of PDAF funds, while a legislator would receive a commission of between 40-50% against the total value of his/her own PDAF. And there were also other five (5) whistleblower aside from Benhur K. Luy namely: Gertrudes Luy: Benhur’s mother, who said she was hired by Napoles in 1990 as the nanny of the businesswoman’s children and named president, supposedly without her knowledge, of Bukiring Tanglaw, which she said was involved in another scam involving the government’s share of revenues from the Malampaya Natural Gas Project. Worked for Napoles untilShow MoreRel atedreaction paper on pork barrel scam1582 Words   |  7 PagesDevelopment Assistance Fund scam I. Issues on Problems: The Priority Development Assistance Fund scam, also called the PDAF scam or the pork barrel scam, is a political scandal involving the alleged misuse by several members of the Congress of the Philippines of their Priority Development Assistance Fund (PDAF, popularly called pork barrel), a lump-sum discretionary fund granted to each member of Congress for spending on priority development projects of the Philippine government, mostly on the localRead MoreA Role that should Rule Essay1714 Words   |  7 PagesSciences, College of Arts and Sciences University of the Philippines Visayas, Miagao, Iloilo In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements For the Course in Political Science 14 By Noah Faye Andres March 4, 2014 A Role that should Rule (An article concerning the roles of LGU to its constituents through public funds as well as citizens’ roles in having and maintaining a just and honest local government) The constitution of the Philippines recognizes the importance of local governments. It providesRead MoreDisbursement Acceleration Program2407 Words   |  10 Pagesmisleading World Bank report. Disbursement Acceleration Program is unconstitutional. IV. Conclusion As a whole, the defense of DAP still fell short of justifying the organized allocation almost P 1 trillion in open fund including the supposedly abolished PDAF (Priority Development Assistance Fund), regular agency lump sums, unprogrammed funds, other savings and off budget items. Adnan S. Manibpel / adsmanibpel@gmail.com / 09432581805 2 – Bachelor of Science in Accountancy English 23 MWF 8:45 –Read MoreThe Rh Law And Its Implementations Essay3412 Words   |  14 Pagesthe religious doctrine about the holiness of life specifically man’s ability for procreation. Some other petitioners for reconsideration are the Filipino Catholic Voices for Reproductive Health, Task Force for Family and Life Visayas and Pro-Life Philippines Inc. (Yap, 2014). On the other hand, the proponents reasoned out that the bill will solve the overpopulation problem in our country. Nonetheless, this did not stop some people especially those who hold tightly to their faith from showing their

Is Stonehenge a Prophetic Timetable or a Religious Site...

It appears as though everybody has a an assumption for why the remnants were built. Some are more possible than others. With March 20 denoting the vernal equinox (one of two days throughout the year where day and night are the same length) consideration turns again to one of the more determined hypotheses for Stonehenges source. In a 1965 book, Stonehenge Decoded, astronomer Gerald Hawkins offered the latest hypothesis by that time thorough speculation to date of Stonehenges motivation. Hawkins saw the bunch of stones, developed in stages from around 3100 B.c. through 1600 B.c., as an aged galactic schedule. (See pictures of the seven miracles of the world.) In his dissection, he distinguished 165 different focuses on the landmark,†¦show more content†¦In a present day curve on Geoffreys record, some contend that space outsiders, as opposed to Merlin, developed Stonehenge. These speculations sustain off the way that nobody precisely beyond any doubt how the rocks got to their present area — the cause of some were followed the extent that a Welsh mountain run 137 miles far from the Stonehenge. Albeit current tests utilizing just innovation from the time have moved comparable stones, theres still no full clarification for how aged individuals oversaw such a deed. Consequently, outsiders. A few speculations are significantly more creative. In the 1920s, a Brit named Alfred Watkins endeavored to interface Stonehenge with different destinations in England, contending that when taken together, they served as points of interest to explore through the island once thick, now vanished, old woods. He called these courses ley lines and the hypothesis created a sizable succeeding, however prepared archeologists were doubtful about this present beginners hypothesis. An alternate theory is that the arrangement is intended to take after a monster vulva, as a method for tribute to an aged fruitfulness god. Others contend that Stonehenge was a position of aged mending, and archeologists have found skeletons at the site riddled with rough wounds, maybe evidences of simple surgery. The current agreement (if such a marvel as this even exists) is that Stonehenge was utilized as an entombment site.Show MoreRelatedExploring Corporate Strategy - Case164366 Words   |  658 Pages(10 per cent), and sales and marketing (25 per cent). The key strategic capabilities at these companies are RD and sales and marketing. Pressure on margins created an incentive to restructure manufacturing, rationalising the number of production sites and placing them in strategic locations offering tax or cost advantages. However, manufacturing and distribution efï ¬ ciency was far more important for generics manufacturers. During the late 1990s, there was a collapse of generics prices in the USA

Management Leading and Managing Organizational Changee

Questions: 1. Explain the crucial role of reflective journals in experiential learning. 2. Discuss the main features of reflective writing. 3. Identify questions to address as you observe, reflect on and make sense of experiences. 4. Explain how reflection enables evaluation and restructuring of experience to gain insight, formulate new understanding, learn from experience and plan future action. Answers: Introduction This study deals with leading and organizational change. It includes reflective journal on lectures attended by the student. I have gathered facts on organizational change and leadership in each of the lecture sessions. I enjoyed each and every session and gained lot of knowledge at the same time. Each session carried role play that gave essence of practical scenario. I had actively participated in each of the role play and asked questions wherever required. Lecture 1 In the first lecture, we were explained on sources of resistance to change. It includes managerial responses as well as empathy and support. It includes communication and participation involvement for the same. It explains four phases of transition to change like denial, commitment as well as resistance and exploration in an overall manner (Ylimaki Jacobson, 2011). I have gathered facts on advantage of working in teams. It permits members in gaining new expertise as well as developing educate members. It allows knowledge in participating as well as building consensus in commitment on controversial issues. It resolves multi-ownership problems as well as avoids obvious decisions. For Instance, Taxis Vs Uber is perfect example of Resistance to change. Attending this particular lecture, I have related topic with companies like Uber. In all over cities in the world, there was ugly war between traditional taxi companies in against new form of competition. It was from Uber as well as other ride-sharing services. Lecture 2 After attending second lecture sessions, it explains the four phases of transitional change. In case of behavioral change, it adds up reinforcement in association with reward in displaying in frequent ways. As it is negative approach, it deliberately involves punishment in association of undesired behaviour in reduced frequency as well as behaviour display. It explains theories based on culture shock curve as well as psychodynamic approach. It suggests creation of sense in psychological safety concerning change at the same time (Tsoukas Chia, 2011). In the moving stage, it provides adequate information suspecting proposed changes as well as bringing actual shifts in behaviour. In the refreezing stage, it implements new evaluation system as well as hiring and promotion system in proper ways. For instance, organization manages change effectively as in case of Wesfarmers. I have analyzed that Wesfarmers shows inclination in changing with the business environment competing in global mar ketplace. It requires understanding the current state of an organization. Proactive management of change optimizes future adaptability in dealing with creative ways and industrial transformation in Wesfarmers. Lecture 3 I would like to differentiate team as well as groups in an organization. Group identity involves people defining themselves in belong to group. Group membership includes defining features of society. Group membership influences individual behaviour like providing sense of identity as well as security. It aims at developing structure including roles as well as establishing norms and expectations in members. It improves outputs in collective support for conflict in other groups. It involves in communication in form of shared knowledge (Reis Geller, 2010). Teamwork is a well-established technique that is used within organization in gaining benefits from group influences in individual behaviors. After the completion of lecture, I confidently answered questions in the next sessions. That itself is an example that we as a class worked together in the team and discussed the session in collaborative way. We have conducted interesting group discussion in the class whereby all the classmates performed for making it success. As a whole, I believe in helping other classmates in time of need. This helping attitude as well as working together left us in understanding the concept of working as a team. Lecture 4 I would like to explain on Dunbar number. It is suggestive cognitive limits for people for maintaining stable social relationships. These are relationships for individual in each person for relates in every person. In case of Metcalfes law, it states value of telecommunications network proportionate to the square in number of connected users of the system. I would like to discuss on developing leadership skills for motivating staff members as well as coaching for working in an organization (Miner, 2011). Universalism is a religious as well as philosophical concept with universal application in applicability. It includes doctrines for considering people in an organization. Contingency is a future event in prediction with certainty. For instance, I understood that Dunbar number relates directly with maintaining relationships at workplace. It is the process fir networking and building relationships. I understood the truth behind the Dunbar number. It takes time in organizing contacts as well as giving definite advantage for vast majority of people. Lecture 5 I have attended the fifth lectures session that was continuation of leadership concept. It was explained about leaders of major companies who believe their job in creation of strategy in organizational processes. I would like to comment that managers should find ways in viewing at employees strengths in comparison with weakness. Congruent occupations explain as economist. In case of social types, it explains characteristics of friendly, cooperative and understanding and termed as social worker. In case of conventional types, it includes types of efficient inflexible as well as unimaginative and termed as accountant. In case of enterprising, they should pose the skills of self confidence, ambitious and energetic and real estate agents. In case of artistic types, it should pose characteristics of imaginative, idealistic as well as emotional and impractical and occupations as musicians. I want to make a note on the personal characteristics of leaders. Leaders should have charismatic lea dership and energetic in nature. For Instance, We were explained on Holland personality job fit theory. In the realistic type, personality characteristics includes genuine, shy as well as persistent and practical in nature. Their congruent occupations are mechanic. In case of investigative, personality characteristics includes analytical, original as well as curious and independent for the same (Manuel, 2011). Lecture 6 I have gathered facts and opinions on participative management and change. Inertia is considered as the resistance of any physical object in any changes in the state of motion. It involves in speed and direction. It is the tendency for objects as well as keeping move in a straight line at constant velocity. It ensures empowerment of employees for having strong hand in managing organization. For Instance, Democratic leadership distributes responsibility among membership as well as empowering group members in aiding groups decision-making process (Linstead Hopfl, 2012). Democratic leadership styles improve in participative decision-making process. I understood that democratic leadership enables ways whereby subordinates are free in expressing their point of view in proper course of action. Lecture 7 On attending the seventh lecture sessions, I have gathered facts on planned change. It is set of activities in an organization that are mostly intentional as well as goal-oriented. One of the goals for implemmented change includes improving ability of an organization in adapting changes in environment (Iterson, 2012). Environmental scanning involves in PESTEL analysis. In the unfreezing stage, employees ready for change. Change executes intended change. In case of refreezing stage, it ensures change becomes permanent in nature. For instance, it helps in seeking changed employee behaviour for organizational success or failures of individuals as well as groups in an organization. Strategic drift is the concept of strategic management referring in responsive to organization in place of changing environment. I have gathered facts on culture that is viable in an organization. Lecture 8 I have gathered facts on forces of changes on attending the eighth lecture sessions. There are two factors that deal with changes namely External Factors as well as Internal Factors. Our lecturer explained that External factors changes due to economic factors, Political factors, cultural as well as demographic and industry factors. These factors are external in nature and difficult to bring any kind of change in an organization (Goodman 2011). Internal factors include low performance by employees, new leadership, low satisfaction as well as conflict and new mission. These factors are internal in nature and easily controllable by the management. We were also explained on the types as well as process of change. It includes planned types when conscious decisions made in responsive of specified issues. Unplanned process of change includes random as well as sudden plan without any kind of intention of addressing particular problems at the same time. In the unfreezing stage, it provides ra tionale for change as well as creates minor levels of guilt and anxiety in an overall manner. For instance, Evolutionary process of change is gradual but revolutionary process of change is rapid as well as dramatic for the same. It gives rise to unfreezing stage, changing and freezing one again. I gathered facts on role play that explained on three stage model developed by Kurt Lewin. Lecture 9 I have gathered facts on concepts like change agents. Change agents are a person that causes change for viewing at the ideas. It is the ability of using emotions in positive as well as constructive way in relationships with others (Easterby-Smith Lyles 2011). It is the ability in controlling over redirecting disruptive impulses as well as moods in before acting for the same. For instance, I would like to point out on the emotional side of changes like enjoyment, fear, surprise, shame as well as sadness and anger. Emotional Intelligence ensures persons abilities in perceiving as well as identification in managing emotions in self and others. Lecture 10 In the last lecture session, lecturers explain on leadership, culture as well as resistance to change. It discuses on aspects relating to organization change that determines from different culture groups. It explains visibility on day-to-day basis. It brings out shared beliefs, values as well as assumptions in members within an organization. It includes power distance, uncertainty avoidance as well as individualism and achievement orientation. For instance, Organizational culture involves amplified by behaviour of leaders, embedded in network of organizational practices. It includes evident in behaviors in individuals as well as groups in an overall manner. Conclusion At the end of the study, I would like to conclude that leading and organizational change takes place from time to time. This assignment is collaborative effort by my classmates and special thanks to my lecturer. Lecturer had given enough details on organizational change that make us comfortable with the subject in every form. It was fun attending lecture session and role plays at the same time. Every organization aims at bringing changes for developing as well as attainment of future goals as well as objectives. Reference List Easterby-Smith, M. Lyles, M. (2011).Handbook of organizational learning and knowledge management. Chichester, West Sussex: Wiley. Goodman, P. (2011).Organizational learning contracts. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Iterson, A. (2012).The civilized organization. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Pub. Co. Linstead, S. Hopfl, H. (2012).The aesthetics of organization. London: SAGE Publications. Manuel, M. (2011).Maritime risk and organizational learning. Farnham, U.K.: Ashgate. Miner, J. (2011).Organizational behavior 6. Armonk, N.Y.: M.E. Sharpe Inc. Reis, M. Geller, J. (2010).A manager's guide to human behavior. [New York]: American Management Association. Tsoukas, H. Chia, R. (2011).Philosophy and organization theory. Bingley, U.K.: Emerald. Ylimaki, R. Jacobson, S. (2011).US and cross-national policies, practices, and preparation. Dordrecht: Springer.

Complexity Theory and Change Management in Organizations

Question: Discuss about the Complexity Theory and Change Management in Organizations. Answer: Introduction Complexity theory is a type of interdisciplinary theory and intrinsic complexity of computational tasks in an organization and this theory was basically formed to rationalize the behavior of large and complex systems. The main objective of this theory is to determine the complexity of a well defined task (Houchin and MacLean, 2005). In other words, it is the study to complex and chaotic situations to evaluate them in simplest forms. Complexity theory is utilized to understand the emergent change in an organization so that an organization can cope with rapidly changing business environment. Emergent change highly relies on the assumption that change is the only constant and it is always unpredictable (Burnes, 2005). There are basically two approaches to manage change in which the first one is planned approach to change while the second one is emergent approach to change. Planned change has the ability predict the difference between the current and the future condition and it include the means to attain that desired future condition (Amagoh, 2008). It does not involve any kind of disruption from internal or external factors and it includes three stages to manage change appropriately and they are planning, implementing and results. On the contrary to this, emergent concept to change includes the natural emergence of numerous kinds of resources during the phase of change implementation. This change cannot be predicted due to its sudden nature. This change is basically characterized by aspects like unforeseen factors, breakdowns, sudden change in legislative policies, disruptions and many more. All kinds of changes in an organization are highly impacted by change agents as they help an organization to get back on track by easily adapting to a rapidly changing environment (Burnes, 2004). A change agent can be an individual from within or outside an organization who help an organization to transform itself by laying emphasis on matters like organizational effectiveness, development and improvement. The main aim of a change agent is to focus on the impact of rapidly changing technologies, tasks, structures in an organization. In context to the main roles of a change event, he must be detective to observe and analyze the situations as well as a counselor to convince others to adapt to a change (Smith, 2004). Nowadays, it has become mandatory for businesses to adapt to change and the success of a business highly depends upon the complex interactions between an organization and its changing environment. Complexity theory helps to understand that how complex systems can be organized into more structured and sophisticated forms to adapt to the changing environment. Emergent changes are on rise in the modern business era due to flexible political aspects of countries (Luiking, ET AL., 2015). It is true that the world of politics and economics is complex and highly dynamic in nature and creates several gaps between the environment and the business. Complexity theory is valuable to fill these gaps. Apart from this, this theory is helpful in managing the nature of uncertainty in the social world to help modern businesses to manage different changes (Liu, 2009). There are different kinds of complex theories like chaos theory, dissipative structures theory, continuous transformational model and ma ny more which have been discussed properly in the later section. How and why complexity theory help change agents It is evident that organizational environment has become very complex, it is important for businesses to deal with complex situations to manage change in an effective manner. Complexity theory help change agent in responding to the complexities and uncertainties of environment in an appropriate manner (Liebhart and Garcia, 2010). The organizations make use of the change agents to solve its issues that are hindering its change management process and this theory also helps change agents to understand the emergent changes. Change agents are significant part of a complexity theory as it provides sound to an organization to operate effectively in unstable conditions (Cunha and Cunha, 2003). Also, it promotes diversity of thinking by evaluating and shifting organizational and personal mental models as well as it provides a stimulus to the whole organizational system to encourage and influence change. The main agenda of complexity theory is to lay emphasis on how macro and micro factors in complex system impact emergent behavior to get a desired outcome. Organizational development can be understood in a better manner with an effective use of complexity theory and it is an efficient way to help change agents to understand organizational change as well as need of innovation (Beer and Nohria, 2000). Different complexity theories There are certain theories and models that are highly relevant to the complexity theory such as chaos theory, dissipative structure theory, complex adaptive systems, chaordic theory and continuous transformational model (McLaughlin, McLaughlin and Kaluzny, 2004). These theories are significant and help change agents to adapt to an emergent change with an ease in order to cope with modern business environment (Miller, 2015). In this regard, chaos theory is a kind of discipline that studies complex systems and it was explored in 1980s. This theory is quite similar to Lewins theory of organizational change and one need to increase the driving forces for change to reduce the restraining forces for change in order to make change successful. Chaos theory indicates that an organization needs to be sure that social and economic system is aligned with the efforts of organizational change so that company gets benefits from an emergent change (McCarter and White, 2016). It is true that it is mandatory for modern organizations to transform as per the changing era and this transformation is regarded as a dissipative structure model. During the transformation of an organization due to an emergent change, an organization may face hindrances like internal and external complexity and high level of turbulence faced by them (Tasaka, 1999). Dissipative structure model is really helpful to ensure a successful transformation through highly unstable situations by self organizing the efforts to generate new and effective solutions to such instabilities to ensure a successful emergent change transformation (Brown and Eisenhardt, 1997). In this way, the complexity of changes can be managed properly with the help of the above mentioned models and theories (Mori and Kuramoto, 2013). During the application of complexity theory to strategic organizational development, complex adaptive systems play an important role as they are dynamic systems that help to evolve with changing environment and enhance its survivability (Beeson and Tushman, 1990). The modern business era is juggling with the issue of emergent change as organizations are not prepared for such kinds of changes but they are compelled to adapt to such changes in order to survive in such a highly competitive era (Miller and Page, 2009). Emergent changes are unplanned changes and complex adaptive system does not involve any planning or management but it involves constant reorganization of aspects to determine the best approach to fit in the suitable environment. It becomes difficult for change agents to manage emergent changes due to the presence of complex interdependencies and CAS helps to cope with these interdependencies to adapt to the changing environment (Begun, 1994). Besides this, there are some changes in the environment which are out of control and next to impossible for businesses to adapt to them with an ease. In this regard, the chaordic theory by Dee Hock can be utilized to manage non linear and complex changes to exist in the phase between order and chaos. This shows that there are kinds of emergent changes that do not reach the state of equilibrium due to the presence of several interdependent factors and these factors keep changing very rapidly regarded as the edge of chaos (Begun, 1994). Nowadays, organizations are becoming chaordic to manage emergent changes appropriately as such kinds of organizations have the traits of both chaos and order but is dominated by neither of them. The amalgamation of chaos and order is contemplated as a harmonious coexistence to help organizations to become self sufficient in managing emergent changes effectively (Mori and Kuramoto, 2013). Different complexity models The term complexity theories act as an umbrella label for numerous number of theories to manage complex changes in an organization in which continuous transformational model has got an utmost importance in the recent years to manage change (Smith, 2004). This model states that many organizations have long periods of stability or equilibrium periods in their day to day chores which are punctuated by short bursts fundamental change. These short bursts are regarded as revolutionary periods or emergent changes that hinder activity patterns of an organization. To overcome these revolutionary hindrances, an organization needs to install the basis for new equilibrium periods to get aware with new changes in the business environment (Burnes, 2004). The supporters of the continuous transformation model of change do not include both the incrementalist as well as punctuated equilibrium models as the model suggests that organizations should have the capacity to adapt to change constantly in a fundamental manner and most of the principles of this model are based on the principles of complexity theories. The basic idea behind the transformation model is that most of the changes arise from the factors present in external environment such as technology, regulation, competition and economy. It is important for an organization to align with the factors present in external environment. There are times when external environment demands emergent change that may not be comfortable for maximum number of organizations (Amagoh, 2008). This model helps to understand the complexities of external environment to cope with different kinds of emergent changes. The overall discussion reveals that change agents play an important role to manage change i n an organization. The above mentioned different models and theories of complexity theories help change agents to respond to the uncertainties of environment in a more effective manner (Burnes, 2005). Conclusion From the above discussion, it can be concluded that complexity theory can be easily used by change agents to lay emphasis on instability and non equilibrium of organizations to cope pace with emergent changes. Basically, different complexity theories help change agents to understand the need of an emergent change and the manners through which an emergent change can be adapted in a business environment. It has been determined in the above section that complexity theory can be used as an important platform to understand the organizational change and innovation. The analysis of the different approaches to complexity theory has been done to evaluate its different models to implement change in an organization without any kind of major difficulty. The role of change agent has been discussed to manage change effectively as they are the individuals who are perplexed with skills, knowledge and has the power to stimulate the change effort. They can either be internal or external who are responsible to manage the change process in an effective manner. In nutshell, it can be said that the above mentioned discussed has stated that how and why complexity theory can be used by change agents to understand emergent change. References Amagoh, F 2008, "Perspectives on Organizational Change: Systems and Complexity Theories Department of Public Administration", The Innovation Journal: The Public Sector Innovation Journal, 13(3), pp. 1-14. Beer, M and Nohria, N 2000, Breaking the code of change. Boston, M.A: Harvard business School Press. 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